Vitamin B-12

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NUTRIENTS FOR YOUR BODY: WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMIN 12
Functions
Of all vitamins, vitamin B12 is the most complex. The trace mineral cobalt is an essential part of the molecule. Vitamin B12 is required for the maturation of the red blood cells in the bone marrow; for the synthesis of proteins; and for the metabolism of nervous tissue.
Absorption and storage
The absorption of vitamin B12 is much more complex than that for other B-complex vitamins. The stomach produces a protein-carbohydrate substance called intrinsic factor. Vitamin B12 is attached to intrinsic factor and is carried to the ileum from which it is absorbed. In the absence of intrinsic factor vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed.
The liver stores most of the vitamin B12. On an adequate diet, the storage in the adult may be sufficient to provide the body’s needs for as much as 3 to 5 years.
Meeting daily needs
For adults 3 mcg vitamin B12 is recommended daily; 0.5 to 1.5 mcg for infants, 2 to 3 mcg for children, and 4 mcg during pregnancy and lactation.
Milk, eggs, cheese, meat, fish, and poultry supply ample amounts of vitamin B12 even though the intakes of these animal foods may be relatively low. Plant foods supply no vitamin B12 and use of an exclusively vegetarian diet for a long period of time will lead to symptoms of deficiency.
Clinical problems
Pernicious anemia is the disease resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency. It is a genetic defect with an absence of intrinsic factor; hence the vitamin B12 in the diet cannot be absorbed. Patients with pernicious anemia have a macrocytic type of anemia; that is, the red blood cells are large and reduced in number. There are frequent complaints of sore mouth, poor appetite, and gastrointestinal disturbances. The nervous system is affected so that the individual shows poor coordination in walking, for example; his mental processes may also be affected. Parenteral injections of vitamin B12 effectively control the condition; they must be used throughout the life of the patient.
Patients who have been subjected to surgical removal of the stomach also exhibit signs of vitamin B12 deficiency after a period of months or years if they are not given parenteral injections of vitamin B12. If children are given an exclusive plant diet, there is slowing of growth; this is the only situation in which dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 occurs.
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