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ANGINA AND STRESS RESPONSES: PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO STRESS
When you come up against a sudden, challenging situation you may notice that your heart rate speeds up, you breathe faster and less deeply and that your muscles tense. However, you can guarantee, if you are feeling these effects, that other effects are also occurring in the main systems in your body. Working from the top down we will examine the physiological stress signs. Research has shown that stress affects all of the systems in our body. The main pathway that channels the stressful stimuli from our brain to the various systems is via the nervous and the hormone systems.
The nervous and hormone systems
The immediate responses to sudden stress occur in seconds, and are controlled by nerves which send messages from the brain to the muscles and activate glands to release hormones. These chemicals flow into the blood and they are taken to all parts of the body. The main chemicals are adrenalin, noradrenalin and corticosteroids. These hormones then serve to maintain the stress response by stimulating the nervous system in the same way as stressful stimuli do, causing more of their chemicals to be released. Therefore, a vicious circle is set up.
The senses
Immediately, within seconds, the senses sharpen, the pupils dilate and for a short while you may be able to take in more visual information. This is also true for hearing, smell, taste and touch sensations. But if the stress continues over time, a chronic reaction occurs and these same senses become dull, you may get blurred vision or tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Extreme stress reactions may include the temporary loss of smell or taste. The salivary glands may produce less saliva into the mouth. Most people will have experienced a dry, sticky mouth when asked to speak in public and this can be very uncomfortable.
The skin
The immediate reaction of the blood circulation to the skin is to decrease, causing the characteristic pallor of someone who is frightened. If someone is chronically stressed, this pallor may be interspersed with bouts of sweating and flushing, especially of the face, neck and chest.
The cardiovascular system
This includes the heart and blood vessels. As described above the blood vessels to the skin constrict, diverting the bio supply to the main muscles and more important parts of the body such as the internal organs. The heart rate speeds up, an some people experience palpitations and a thumping sensation in the chest which can be very unpleasant. Some people experience chest pain or other symptoms of angina. This also pushes the blood pressure up, which can cause headaches. If this stat of alertness or arousal continues it can be dangerous in people who have a tendency to high blood pressure. There is also some evidence that the long-term effects of arousal on the heart and blood vessels are very damaging and may trigger a heart attack,
The respiratory system
When stressed you tend to breathe faster but less deeply and this can cause panting and overbreathing. Hyperventilation, or overbreathing, occurs when too much oxygen is taken into the lungs and they cannot do their usual job of removing the waste products – mainly carbon dioxide. Too much carbon dioxide circulating in the blood causes the brain to stimulate the lungs to breathe more in an attempt to breathe it out and so a vicious circle is set up. The symptoms of hyperventilation can include palpitations, a fast heart rate, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, tingling in the lips, fingers, and/or toes, anxiety, weakness, and sometimes loss of consciousness. Dizziness and tingling appear to be the earliest warning signs. This is not dangerous but can be very unpleasant to experience. There is some research evidence to suggest hyperventilation is linked to spasm of the coronary arteries causing angina.
The digestive system
The effects of arousal on this system can be acute (immediate) or chronic (prolonged). You must have experienced an acute effect of stress, known as ‘butterflies in the stomach’ as it churns and empties its contents. The bowels and bladder may produce sensations of fullness creating an irresistible desire to open. Chronic stress can cause chronic loose bowels and may be a major problem. These bowel disorders will be discussed in the section on stress and illness.
The muscle system
The immediate effects of high arousal on muscles includes the surging of blood and energy into the muscles of the limbs to help them cope with a wide range of demands. At this time you may also experience tenseness, twitching and shaking in your limb muscles. However, in the longer term, the opposite effect occurs, and the muscles feel weak, tired and heavy. Many people who are chronically stressed complain of fatigue. You may also be more prone to injury or tearing of the muscles, and many chronic strains or long-lasting aches and pains can be due to chronic stress.
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