Prinzide (Lisinopril, Hydrochlorothiazide)
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HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE: SYMPTOMS, MEASURING
Why are doctors concerned about their patient’s blood pressure? Why is its measurement part of every insurance medical examination?
In most people high blood pressure produces no symptoms at all. It is silent, unsuspected. But its detection provides an early warning: for high blood pressure {hypertension is the medical term) can increase the risk of many serious diseases. Even mildly raised blood pressure may increase the chance of having a heart attack or stroke; severe high blood pressure is more likely to do so, and it can also damage the kidneys and eyes. A minority of patients, usually with very high blood pressure, does have symptoms and this may result in earlier diagnosis.
The results of treatment of high blood pressure have been studied only recently; already there is good evidence that complications of mild and severe high blood pressure are much less likely to arise if proper treatment is provided.
Measuring Blood Pressure
The Reverend Stephen Hales was a minister in Hillingdon near London in the early eighteenth century. He was also a great amateur biologist, and was the first man to measure blood pressure. He did so in a mare and was surprised how high the pressure was in its arteries. He measured the pressure in a vertical glass tube; to connect this to the artery he had to anticipate the invention of rubber tubing by using the long flexible windpipe of a goose.
The modern instrument for measuring blood pressure, unlike the one Hales used, does not lead to the subject’s demise! It was invented by Dr Riva-Rocci in Turin in 1896, and the method was perfected a few years later by a Russian, Dr Korotkow. Nowadays it is seen in virtually every consulting room in the world but it is still sometimes under-used. Only in the past twenty years have doctors had effective treatments for high blood pressure. Today, fortunately the majority of people can be treated without the troublesome side effects caused by earlier drugs. Since it is easy to diagnose and, usually, to treat, it is important not to fail to recognize high blood pressure. Yet up to 50 per cent of hypertensives in Great Britain and the U.S.A. remain undiagnosed.
The pressure in the arteries in healthy individuals varies widely. It rises to a peak each time the heart contracts, expelling blood into the arteries. This peak is the systolic blood pressure; after it the pressure falls, reaching its lowest point just before the next heartbeat {diastolic pressure). The doctor measures both, using his stethoscope and an inflatable rubber cuff, connected to a mercury column. He may record, for example, a blood pressure of 120/75. This means that the systolic pressure is 120 millimeters of mercury, and the diastolic pressure is 75 millimeters. When the heart contracts more forcibly, as during exercise, excitement or fear, it is especially the systolic pressure which rises. And when the fine branches of the arteries – arterioles – contract and narrow down, both the diastolic and systolic pressures increase. These reactions are important for normal adjustment of the circulation, e.g. when we exercise, change our posture or digest a meal. The arterial blood pressure drives blood through the tiny capillaries traversing every tissue in the body. When one is standing or sitting, pressure is also necessary to force blood ‘uphill’ to the brain. The kidneys, too, need adequate blood pressure to filter the blood, in order to produce urine. Quite low pressures are sufficient when lying down; during sleep, blood pressure is surprisingly low.
When high blood pressure has been present for some time, it is the result of constriction of the fine arterioles, caused by contraction of their muscular walls. However, high blood pressure does not necessarily start this way.
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