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HOW EVENING PRIMROSE OIL HELPS TO LOWER CHOLESTEROL
Having high cholesterol levels in the blood is one of the broadly accepted risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Total plasma cholesterol remains the best single predictor of coronary heart disease.
Ever since the 1950s it has been known that linoleic acid is able to reduce cholesterol levels. However, this would mean taking large quantities of linoleic acid, which would be very high in calories as well as relatively unpalatable.
It is now becoming clear that the power to reduce cholesterol levels is not so much vested in the linoleic acid itself, but in its metabolites dihomo-gammalinolenic acid (DGLA), and also arachidonic acid.
There is a strong association between the incidence of cardiovascular disease and reduced levels of DGLA. A study in Scotland showed that among symptomless middle-aged men, the 10% with the lowest DGLA levels in adipose tissue had an almost 25% chance of developing coronary heart disease over a four year period. Similar results have been obtained in Finland.
In the metabolic pathway of linoleic acid, DGLA is formed from gammalinolenic acid (GLA), the active ingredient of evening primrose oil. Evening primrose oil converts into DGLA very simply. You only need to take six capsules (3g) of evening primrose oil a day to achieve the same effect as taking between 30-100g of linoleic acid! On average, evening primrose oil is over 100 times more potent than linoleic acid in reducing cholesterol.
Research on evening primrose oil and heart disease has recently been done at the University of Edinburgh. Dr Rudolph Riemersma of the Department of Cardiology did a study in which he compared the ability of Scottish men to convert linoleic acid to DGLA, and to convert the GLA from Efamol evening primrose oil to DGLA.
On average, the men he studied were not able to convert linoleic acid to its metabolite DGLA. But there was no problem for them converting the GLA in Efamol into DGLA. Since low levels of DGLA seem to be a strong predictor of heart disease, it is possible that this inability to convert linoleic acid may be an important factor.
DGLA seems to be the key substance in reducing cholesterol. Also, PGEl, which is derived directly from DGLA, has many desirable actions in the sphere of cardiovascular disorders, of which inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis is only one. PGE1also lowers blood pressure, and inhibits platelet aggregation and smooth muscle proliferation.
High cholesterol levels are particularly dangerous because cholesterol not only furs up the blood vessels, but also acts as a blocking agent in the linoleic acid metabolic pathway. Cholesterol interferes with the actions of the delta-6-desaturase enzyme, which helps convert linoleic acid into GLA. This means that people with high cholesterol levels may take a diet high in linoleic acid in the hope of reducing the high cholesterol levels in their blood, but they won’t be able to make use of this linoleic acid because of the high cholesterol levels which block its conversion. So they are caught in a catch 22 situation.
However, there are no such problems taking evening primrose oil, as it by-passes this block by starting at the next stage in the metabolic pathway (GLA).
Interestingly, some other blocking agents are also well known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as ageing, diabetes, trans fatty acids, saturated fats and catecholamine released during stress. Perhaps these factors are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases precisely because they block the pathway of linoleic acid. Once again, evening primrose oil circumvents all these blocking agents by starting at the next step, GLA.
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